Gaelic Ireland had emerged by the 1st century AD. The Irish climate is influenced by the Atlantic Ocean and thus very moderate, and winters are milder than expected for such a northerly area, although summers are cooler than those in continental Europe. There are twenty-six extant land mammal species native to Ireland. Today, woodland makes up about 10% of the island, compared with a European average of over 33%, and most of it is non-native conifer plantations. Much of Ireland was woodland until the end of the Middle Ages.
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Its lush vegetation is a product of its mild but changeable climate which is free of extremes in temperature.
The geography of Ireland comprises relatively low-lying mountains surrounding a central plain, with several navigable rivers extending inland. As of 2022, the population of the entire island is just over 7 million, with 5.1 million living in the Republic of Ireland and 1.9 million in Northern Ireland, ranking it the second-most populous island in Europe after Great Britain. Geopolitically, Ireland is divided between the Republic of Ireland (officially named Ireland), which covers five-sixths of the island, and Northern Ireland, which is part of the United Kingdom. Ireland is the second-largest island of the British Isles, the third-largest in Europe, and the twentieth-largest on Earth. It is separated from Great Britain to its east by the North Channel, the Irish Sea, and St George's Channel. Ireland ( / ˈ aɪər l ə n d/ ( listen) YRE-lənd Irish: Éire ( listen) Ulster-Scots: Airlann ) is an island in the North Atlantic Ocean, in north-western Europe.
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